= q2a
. P is a point, at a distance r from O, where OP creates angle θ with the axis of the dipole. Let AC and BD are the perpendiculars on PC. From 
OAC, 
 = 
= 
i.e., OC = a. Similarly OD = a.
If r>>a, then PA = PC = PO + OC = r + a, and PB = PD = PO – ODÂ = r – a.
If V is the potential at a point P due to electric dipole then,
V = k[
]
= k[ 
– 
]
= kq[
]
= 
Or, V = 
 = 
 [p = q2a = dipole moment and k = 
]
If r>>a, then 
is neglected. So V = 
.
Potential energy due to electric dipole:Â
Let us consider an electric dipole consists of -q and +q at points A and B respectively separated by a distance a is placed in the electric field of intensity 
 at an angle θ. The dipole moment is = qa.
The magnitude of torque acting on the dipole is 
 = pE
.
If dθ is the angular displacement of the dipole in electric field then the work done stored as the potential energy of the dipole as dw = dθ = pEdθ. Then the total work done stored into the dipole to rotate it from θ1 to θ2 is W = 
dW = pE
 = – pE[cos θ2 – cos θ1] = pE[cos θ1 – cos θ2]
If θ1 = 900 and θ2 = θ then w = – pEcosθ
1. If θ = 00 then, W = – pEcos00 = -pE. This is stable equilibrium.
2. If θ = 900 then, w = – pEcos900 = 0
3. If θ = 1800 then, w = – pEcos1800 = pE. This is unstable equilibrium.
Equipotential surface:
An equipotential surface is defined as the surface, on which all points lying are at the same potential.
An equipotential surface is the locus of all points in a medium at which electric potential due to a charge distribution is same.
Electric field is perpendicular to the equipotential surface:
Let us consider A and B are very closed point on the equipotential surface (AB = dr). Let electric field creates angle θ with this surface. Ecosθ is the component of the field along the surface. The potential difference between points A and B is dV = 0. The work done to move a charge q from A to B is dw = q.dV = 0.
Similarly, dw = F.dr = qEcosθdr = 0. As q, E and dr 
0 then cosθ = 0
Or, cosθ = cos900 Â
θ = 900 so, electric field is perpendicular to the equipotential surface.
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