Deviation of a ray during refraction: Whenever a ray of light travels from one medium to another medium it deviates from its path. The angle between the refracted ray and the direction of the incident ray gives the measurement of deviation. Let us consider AO is the incident ray and OB is the refracted ray […]
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Refraction through plane surface: Laws of refraction: 1st law – The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal to the interface at the point of incidence, all lie on the same plane, called the plane of incidence. 2nd law – The ratio of the sine of angle of incidence (i) to the sine of
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1. Electric potential due to uniformly charged spherical shell: Let us consider a spherical shell of radius R is charged by q. Calculate electric field at a point P, at a distance r from the centre of the shell. (i) If point P is outside the shell then potential at P is V = .
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Concepts on electrostatic potential: 1. Electrostatic potential at a point on the axis of a uniformly charged ring: Let us consider a ring of radius R is uniformly charged by q. To calculate electrostatic potential at a point P on the axis of ring at a distance y from the centre O, we consider an
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Significant figure: Significant figure are the number of digits upto which the accuracy is maintain. Rules of significant figure: (i) All non-zero digits are significant. For example, 1.235 has four significant figures. (ii) The zeros appearing between two non-zero digits are significant. For example, 4.025 has four significant figures. (iii) All the trailing zeros after
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Accuracy precision and error measurement: Error: There is a difference between the true value and measured value when a physical quantity is measured by an instrument as the measuring instrument is not ideal. This difference is known as error. Accuracy: Accuracy of the measurement of a physical quantity is the closeness of the measured value
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Vernier calipers: Vernier calipers is used to measure length of a body. It consists of four parts. (i) Main scale: It consists of a steel metallic strip (M) graduated in centimetre and millimetre in one edge and in inches in other edge. (ii) Vernier scale. A vernier scale (V) slides on the strip M is
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Measurement: 1. Parallax method: If you hold a pen in front of your eye and look the tip of the pen by closing the right eye and then the left eye keeping right eye open, you observe that the position of the tip of the pen changes. This relative shift of the tip of the
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Force per unit area of a charged conductor: Let us consider the electric field E at any point P very near, but outside, the surface of a charged conductor is E = E1 + E2. Where E1 is the field due to the charge of small area ds around P, and E2 due to the
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Solid angle: The projection of a area divided by r2 (position vector) is called solid angle. The solid angle subtended by an area at a point O is given by Ω = . Where  is the projection of area. For sphere the solid angle subtended at the centre is Ω =  =  = =
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